# CLEAR Calculus

## Lab 12: Definite integrals - part 1

Work with your group on the context assigned to you. We encourage you to collaborate both in and out of class, but you must write up your responses individually .

Context 1: Sam is tired of walking up two flights of stairs to get to calculus class every day, so he enlists Kelli to help him build a giant spring to lift him perfectly up to the second floor window. They order a two-story tall spring from Katelyn’s Giant Spring Limited Liability Co. When it arrives, it is packaged already compressed down 5 m shorter than its resting length. They figure they need to compress it another 5 m in order to climb on from ground level before launch. Tony walks by and points out this will take a lot of energy, saying:

For a constant force* $$F$$ to move an object a distance $$d$$ requires an amount of energy** equal to $$E = Fd$$. Hooke's Law says that the force exerted by a spring displaced by a distance $$x$$ from its resting length (compressed or stretched) is equal to $$F = kx$$, where $$k$$ is a constant that depends on the particular spring.

*The standard unit of force is Newtons (N), where 1 N = 1 kg$$\cdot$$m/s$$^2$$ or the force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at 1 m/s$$^2$$. Increasing either the mass or the acceleration therefore requires a proportional increase in force.

**The standard unit of energy is Joules (J), where 1 J = 1 N·m or the energy required to move an object with a constant force of 1 N a distance of 1 m. Increasing either the force or the distance requires a proportional increase in energy.

Sam and Kelli’s spring has a spring constant of $$k = 155$$ N/m.

Lab Preparation:

1. Draw and label a large picture of a spring initially compressed 5 m from its natural length then compressed to a displacement of 10 m.
2. Does it take less, the same, or more energy to compress the spring from 5 m to 7.5 m than it takes to compress the spring from 7.5 m to 10 m? Explain.
3. Explain why we cannot just multiply a force times a distance to compute the energy.

Lab:

1. Draw and label a large picture of a spring initially compressed 5 m from its natural length then compressed to a displacement of 10 m.

2. Explain why we cannot just multiply a force times a distance to compute the energy.

3. Use Riemann sums with 4 terms to find both an underestimate and overestimate for the energy required to compress the spring from 5 m to 10 m. Write out your sums numerically and with summation notation. Illustrate the terms of your sum on your picture.

4. Write an algebraic expression for your error. What is the bound on the error for your approximations? What is the range of possible values for the energy (in N·m) required to compress the spring from 5 m to 10 m?

5. Illustrate your approximations using 4 terms in terms of area under an appropriate graph. Label your axes, function, underestimate, overestimate, actual value, error, and error bound in your diagram.

Context 2: Oh no! Chris accidentally broke Horsetooth Dam! Specifically, they cracked it loose from the canyon walls and floor, leaving nothing to hold back the tremendous force of water in the reservoir. Luckily, Erin is thinking quickly and braces herself against the dam to hold back the impending flood. Josh decides he should figure out exactly how much force Erin needs to exert to hold up the dam. Luckily Jarrod is able to provide the key information to figure this out:

A uniform pressure $$P$$** applied across a surface area $$A$$ creates a total force* of $$F = PA$$. The density of water is 1000 kg per cubic meter, so that under water the pressure varies according to depth, $$d$$, as $$P = 9800d$$. In this activity you will approximate the total force of the water exerted on a dam 63.26 meters wide and extending 25 meters under water.

*The standard unit of force is Newtons (N), where 1 N = 1 kg$$\cdot$$m/s$$^2$$ or the force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at 1 m/s$$^2$$. Increasing either the mass or the acceleration therefore requires a proportional increase in force.

**Pressure is the force per unit area, $$P = F/A$$, so for example a force of 6 N applied over a 2 m$$^2$$ area would generate a pressure of 3 N/m$$^2$$. Increasing the force would increase the pressure proportionally. Increasing the area would decrease the pressure proportionally (an inverse proportion).

Lab Preparation:

1. Draw and label a large picture of a dam 63.26 m wide and extending 25 m under water.

2. Is there less, the same, or more force on the top half of the dam or the bottom half? Explain.

3. Explain why we cannot just multiply a pressure times an area to compute the force.

Lab:

1. Draw and label a large picture of a dam 63.26 m wide and extending 25 m under water.

2. Explain why we cannot just multiply a pressure times an area to compute the force.

3. Use a Riemann sum with 5 terms to find both an underestimate and overestimate for the total force of the water exerted on this dam. Write out your sums numerically and with summation notation. Illustrate the terms of your sum on your picture.

4. What is the error bound for each of these approximations?

5. Illustrate your approximations using 5 terms in terms of area under an appropriate graph. Label your axes, function, underestimate, overestimate, actual value, error, and error bound in your diagram.

Context 3: Aliens have captured Shawn! He will be set free only if he can beat their "hero" at a game of Gorgo. The game is simple. A large metal bar 10 meters long (Metric aliens. Who knew?) is brought before the contestants. Whoever can guess the mass of the bar most precisely, wins.

When the day of the contest arrives, Shawn is shoved into a huge arena before millions of screaming aliens. While staring at the long metallic Gorgo bar, he hears a low rumble begin, and a fearful hush falls over the crowd. As a door at the opposite end of the arena lifts, Shawn gasps in horror: it’s Elvis.

Elvis looks at the bar for only a second, mutters something unintelligible, and the crowd breaks out into a delirium, throwing peanut butter and banana sandwiches into the arena, which Elvis collects before disappearing back through the doorway. Now it is Shawn’s turn. Inspecting the Gorgo bar, he notices it is stamped,

Tom and Ann’s Fine Gorgo Bars: Our precision crafting process guarantees a perfectly uniform diameter of 10 cm. We carefully blend only the purest metals to ensure its density increases at a constant rate from 4.2 grams per cubic centimeter at one end to 33.8 grams per cubic centimeter at the other. We hope this hand-crafted Gorgo bar will provide centuries of entertainment for you and your family.

Oh… Eric just sent Shawn a text reading "mass of obj w const dnsty $$d$$ & vol $$v$$ is $$M = dv$$". Thanks, Eric!

Lab Preparation:

1. Draw a large picture of the Gorgo bar labeling all dimensions and representing the variable density.
2. Is there less, the same, or more mass in one half of the Gorgo bar than on other? Explain.
3. Explain why we cannot just multiply a density times a volume to compute the mass.

Lab:

1. Draw a large picture of the pole labeling all dimensions and representing the variable density.

2. Explain why we cannot just multiply a density times a volume to compute the mass.

3. Use a Riemann sum with 4 terms to find both an underestimate and overestimate for the mass of the pole. Write out your sums numerically and with summation notation. Illustrate the terms of your sum on your picture.

4. What is the error bound for each of these approximations?

5. Illustrate your approximations using 4 terms in terms of area under an appropriate graph. Label your axes, function, underestimate, overestimate, actual value, error, and error bound in your diagram.

Context 4: Tiffany was on a walk Friday evening, basking in the satisfying afterglow of another calculus test. Suddenly an unknown glowing substance fell on the ground in front of her, presumably from outer space. She took the substance to Mark and Bill who decided it would make the perfect liquid core for their new invention, the Happy Fun Ball. They want to put all of the substance in, but Regis reminded them what happened the last time they filled the 1-foot radius Happy Fun Ball past 21.7 inches, and nobody wanted that to happen again! Needing to know exactly how much substance to pour in, James reminded them,

The volume $$V$$ of an object with constant cross-sectional surface area, $$A$$, and height, $$h$$, is $$V = Ah$$.

Since they can easily compute the volume of the bottom half of the sphere, they all decide to focus on approximating the volume contained in the remaining 9.7 inches.

Lab Preparation:

1. Draw a large picture of the spherical bottle labeling all dimensions and representing the variable cross-sectional area at different heights.

2. Is there less, the same, or more volume in the top 4 inches of the bottle than in the second 4 inches? Explain.

3. Explain why we cannot just multiply an area times a height to compute the volume.

Lab:

1. Draw a large picture of the spherical bottle labeling all dimensions and representing the variable cross-sectional area at different heights.

2. Explain why we cannot just multiply an area times a height to compute the volume.

3. Use a Riemann sum with 4 terms to find both an underestimate and overestimate for the volume of water in the bottle. Write out your sums numerically and with summation notation. Illustrate the terms of your sum on your picture.

4. What is the error bound for each of these approximations?

5. Illustrate your approximations using 4 terms in terms of area under an appropriate graph. Label your axes, function, underestimate, overestimate, actual value, error, and error bound in your diagram.

Context 5: Adriana has invented a way of measuring the difficulty of calculus problems, $$a$$, in units of "adrii" on a scale $$0\leq a<\infty$$. (The existence of a problem with difficulty $$a = \infty$$ adrii is a matter of contentious debate.) Joe managed to trick his calculus teacher into revealing that the Chapter 5 exam will only have problems with difficulty greater than 1 adrii (harder than precalculus) and easier than 5 adrii (easier than the professor can do in 50 minutes). Sandy has a uniform distribution for the proportion of her brain that can think about problems of difficulty up to 4 adrii, specifically the proportion of her brain per adrii of difficulty is a "density function" $S(a) = \left\{ \begin{array}{cc} 0.25, & 0\leq a \leq 4\\ 0, &a > 4. \end{array}\right.\, (S\text{ for Sandy})$ This means to determine how much of her brain is needed to think about problems spanning any difficulty range, we can just multiply. For example, a collection of problems ranging in difficulty $$1 \leq a\leq 5$$ will require a proportion of her brain equal to $P = 0.25(4-1) + 0(5-4) = 0.75.$ The density function, $$K(a)$$, for the proportion of Kate's brain that can think of problems of difficulty $$a$$ adrii is $K(a) = ae^{-a} .$ Joe and Adriana make a bet whether Sandy or Kate (respectively) will need to use more of their brain during the Chapter 5 exam. What proportion does Kate need? Who wins the bet?

Lab Preparation:

1. Draw a large graph of the density $$K(a)$$. Show what area corresponds to the proportion of Kate's brain that can think about problems with difficulty $$1 \leq a \leq 5$$.

2. Is there less, the same, or more of Kate's brain that can think about problems of difficulty $$1\leq a \leq 3$$ than there is that can think about problems of difficulty $$3\leq a \leq 5$$? Explain.

3. Explain why we cannot just multiply a probability density by the size of the difficulty range to determine the proportion of Kate's brain needed for the Chapter 5 exam.

Lab:

1. Draw a large graph of the density function $$K(a)$$. Show what area corresponds to the proportion of Kate's brain that can think about problems with difficulty $$1 \leq a \leq 5$$.

2. Explain why we cannot just multiply a probability density by the size of the difficulty range to determine the proportion of Kate's brain needed for the Chapter 5 exam.

3. Use a Riemann sum with 5 terms to find both an underestimate and overestimate for the proportion. Write out your sums numerically and with summation notation. Illustrate the terms of your sum on your picture.

4. What is the error bound for each of these approximations?

5. Illustrate your approximations using 5 terms in terms of area under an appropriate graph. Label your axes, function, underestimate, overestimate, actual value, error, and error bound in your diagram.